Perl/Functions

1. Perl functions by category

1.1. SCALAR와 스트링 관련 함수 (Functions for SCALARs or strings)

1.2. 정규표현식과 패턴 일치 (Regular expressions and pattern matching)

1.3. 수 관련 함수 (Numeric functions)

1.4. @배열 관련 함수 (Functions for real @ARRAYs)

1.5. 리스트 데이타 관련 함수 (Functions for list data)

1.6. %해쉬 변수 관련 함수 (Functions for real %HASHes)

1.7. 입력,출력 함수 (Input and output functions)

1.8. Functions for fixed length data or records

1.9. Functions for filehandles, files, or directories

1.10. Keywords related to control flow of your perl program

1.11. Keywords altering or affecting scoping of identifiers

1.12. Miscellaneous functions

1.13. Functions for processes and process groups

1.14. Keywords related to perl modules

1.15. Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness

1.16. Low-level socket functions

1.17. System V interprocess communication functions

1.18. Fetching user and group info

1.19. Fetching network info

1.20. Time-related functions

1. Perl functions by category

• 카테고리로 분류한 Perl 함수들 목록
• 원문: [Perl functions by category - perldoc.perl.org]
• Perl 5.10.0 기준

1.1. SCALAR와 스트링 관련 함수 (Functions for SCALARs or strings)

• chomp - 스트링의 뒤에 있는 레코드 구분자를 제거 (remove a trailing record separator from a string)
• chop - 스트링의 마지막 캐릭터를 제거 (remove the last character from a string)
• chr - 숫자가 나타내는 캐릭터를 획득 (get character this number represents)
• crypt - 패스워드 스타일의 단방향 암호화 (one-way passwd-style encryption)
• hex - 스트링을 16진수로 변환 (convert a string to a hexadecimal number)
• index - 스트링 속의 서브스트링을 검색 (find a substring within a string)
• lc - 스트링의 소문자 버전을 반환 (return lower-case version of a string)
• lcfirst - 스트링의 첫글자를 소문자로 변환한 스트링을 반환 (return a string with just the next letter in lower case)
• length - 스트링이 차지하는 바이트 수 반환 (return the number of bytes in a string)
• oct - 스트링을 8진수로 반환 (convert a string to an octal number)
• ord - 캐릭터의 코드값을 반환 (find a character's numeric representation)
• pack - 리스트를 바이너리 시퀀스로 변환 (convert a list into a binary representation)
  • /Pack 참조
• q/STRING/ - (singly quote a string)
• qq/STRING/ - (doubly quote a string)
• reverse - 스트링 또는 리스트를 뒤집음 (flip a string or a list)
• rindex - 우측에서 좌측으로 서브스트링 검색 (right-to-left substring search)
• sprintf - 포맷된 출력을 스트링으로 반환 (formatted print into a string )
• substr - 스트링의 특정 부분을 얻거나 변경 (get or alter a portion of a stirng)
• tr/// - 스트링의 문자 변환 (transliterate a string)
• uc - 스트링의 대문자 버전을 반환 (return upper-case version of a string)
• ucfirst - 스트링의 첫글자를 대문자로 변환한 스트링을 반환 (return a string with just the next letter in upper case)
• y/// - 스트링의 문자 변환 (transliterate a string)
  • tr///과 동일

1.2. 정규표현식과 패턴 일치 (Regular expressions and pattern matching)

• 참고: /정규표현식

• m// - 정규표현식 패턴의 일치 검사 (match a string with a regular expression pattern)
• pos - 마지막 m//g 검색을 한 오프셋을 얻거나, 다음 검색을 위한 오프셋 지정 (find or set the offset for the last/next m//g search)
• qr/STRING/ - 패턴 컴파일 (Compile pattern)
• quotemeta - 정규표현식의 매직캐릭터들을 이스케이프시킴 (quote regular expression magic characters)
• s/// - 스트링에서 일치하는 패턴을 치환 (replace a pattern with a string)
• split - 정규표현식으로 된 구분자를 사용하여 스트링 분할 (split up a string using a regexp delimiter)
• study - 반복되는 검색을 위하여 입력 데이타 최적화 (optimize input data for repeated searches)

1.3. 수 관련 함수 (Numeric functions)

• abs - 절대값 (absolute value function)
• atan2 - 아크탄젠트 (arctangent of Y/X in the range -PI to PI)
• cos - 코사인 (cosine function)
• exp - 거듭제곱 (raise I to a power)
• hex - 스트링을 16진수로 변환 (convert a string to a hexadecimal number)
• int - 정수부 반환 (get the integer portion of a number)
• log - 자연로그 (retrieve the natural logarithm for a number)
• oct - 스트링을 8진수로 변환 (convert a string to an octal number)
• rand - 랜덤넘버 생성 (retrieve the next pseudorandom number )
• sin - 사인 (return the sine of a number)
• sqrt - 제곱근 (square root function)
• srand - 랜덤 넘버 생성기의 시드 설정 (seed the random number generator)

1.4. @배열 관련 함수 (Functions for real @ARRAYs)

• pop - 배열에서 마지막 원소를 제거하며 그 원소를 반환 (remove the last element from an array and return it)
• push - 하나 이상의 원소를 배열의 제일 뒤에 추가 (append one or more elements to an array)
• shift - 배열의 첫번째 원소를 제거하며 그 원소를 반환 (remove the first element of an array, and return it)
• splice - 배열의 원하는 위치에 원소를 추가 또는 삭제 (add or remove elements anywhere in an array)
• unshift - 하나 이상의 원소를 배열의 제일 앞에 추가 (prepend more elements to the beginning of a list)

1.5. 리스트 데이타 관련 함수 (Functions for list data)

• grep - 리스트에서 조건에 맞는 원소들을 찾아냄 (locate elements in a list test true against a given criterion)
• join - 리스트의 원소들을 합쳐서 스트링으로 변환 (join a list into a string using a separator)
• map - 리스트에 변경을 가하여 새로운 리스트를 만듦 (apply a change to a list to get back a new list with the changes)
• qw/STRING/ - 단어들의 리스트를 쿼우팅 (quote a list of words)
• reverse - 스트링이나 리스트를 뒤집음 (flip a string or a list)
• sort - 값들의 리스트를 정렬 (sort a list of values )
• unpack - 바이너리 구조체를 일반적인 펄 변수들의 리스트로 변환 (convert binary structure into normal perl variables)
  • /Pack 참고

1.6. %해쉬 변수 관련 함수 (Functions for real %HASHes)

• delete - 해쉬에서 값을 삭제 (deletes a value from a hash)
• each - 해쉬에서 다음 키/값 쌍을 가져옴 (retrieve the next key/value pair from a hash)
• exists - 해쉬에 특정한 키가 존재하는지 검사 (test whether a hash key is present)
• keys - 해쉬에서 키들의 리스트를 반환 (retrieve list of indices from a hash)
• values - 해쉬에서 값들의 리스트를 반환 (return a list of the values in a hash)

1.7. 입력,출력 함수 (Input and output functions)

• 참고: /파일

• binmode - 바이너리 파일 입출력 준비 (prepare binary files for I/O)
• close - 파일 핸들 닫음 (close file (or pipe or socket) handle)
• closedir - 디렉토리 핸들 닫음 (close directory handle)
• dbmclose - tie되어 있는 dbm 파일에 대한 바인딩 해제 (breaks binding on a tied dbm file)
• dbmopen - tie되어 있는 dbm 파일에 대한 바인딩 생성 (create binding on a tied dbm file)
• die - 예외를 발생하고 종료 (raise an exception or bail out)
• eof - 파일 핸들을 확인해서 파일의 끝인지 검사 (test a filehandle for its end)
• fileno - 파일핸들로부터 파일 디스크립터 반환 (return file descriptor from filehandle)
• flock - 전체 파일에 협력적 락을 건다 (lock an entire file with an advisory lock)
• format - write()함수가 사용할 포맷을 선언 (declare a picture format with use by the write() function)
• getc - 파일핸들로부터 다음 캐릭터를 얻음 (get the next character from the filehandle)
• print - 리스트를 파일 핸들로 출력 (output a list to a filehandle)
• printf - 리스트를 포맷에 맞추어 파일 핸들로 출력 (output a formatted list to a filehandle)
• read - 파일 핸들로부터 고정 길이의 입력을 버퍼를 사용하여 받음 (fixed-length buffered input from a filehandle)
• readdir - 디렉토리 핸들로부터 디렉토리 내용을 얻음 (get a directory from a directory handle)
• readline - 파일에서 레코드를 가져옴 (fetch a record from a file)
• rewinddir - 디렉토리 핸들 리셋 (reset directory handle)
• seek - 랜덤 액세스 입출력시에 파일 포인터의 위치를 재설정 (reposition file pointer for random-access I/O)
• seekdir - 디렉토리 포인터 위치를 재설정 (reposition directory pointer )
• select - 출력을 리셋하거나 입출력 멀티플렉싱을 함 (reset default output or do I/O multiplexing)
• syscall - 임의의 시스템 호출 실행 (execute an arbitrary system call)
• sysread - 파일 핸들로부터 고정 길이의 입력을 버프를 쓰지 않고 받음 (fixed-length unbuffered input from a filehandle)
• sysseek - sysread와 syswrite에 사용되는 입출력 포인터의 위치를 재설정 (position I/O pointer on handle used with sysread and syswrite)
• syswrite - 파일 핸들을 통해 고정 길이 출력을 버퍼를 쓰지 않고 수행 (fixed-length unbuffered output to a filehandle)
• tell - 파일 핸들의 현재 포인터의 위치를 얻음 (get current seekpointer on a filehandle)
• telldir - 디렉토리 핸들의 현재 포인터의 위치를 얻음 (get current seekpointer on a directory handle)
• truncate - 파일을 잘라내어 크기를 줄임 (shorten a file)
• warn - 디버깅 정보 출력 (print debugging info)
• write - 레코드를 포맷에 맞게 출력 (print a picture record)

1.8. Functions for fixed length data or records

• pack - (convert a list into a binary representation)
• read - (fixed-length buffered input from a filehandle)
• syscall - (execute an arbitrary system call)
• sysread - (fixed-length unbuffered input from a filehandle)
• sysseek - (position I/O pointer on handle used with sysread and syswrite)
• syswrite - (fixed-length unbuffered output to a filehandle)
• unpack - (convert binary structure into normal perl variables)
• vec - (test or set particular bits in a string)

1.9. Functions for filehandles, files, or directories

• -X - (a file test (-r, -x, etc))
• chdir - (change your current working directory)
• chmod - (changes the permissions on a list of files)
• chown - (change the owership on a list of files)
• chroot - (make directory new root for path lookups)
• fcntl - (file control system call)
• glob - (expand filenames using wildcards)
• ioctl - (system-dependent device control system call)
• link - (create a hard link in the filesytem)
• lstat - (stat a symbolic link)
• mkdir - (create a directory)
• open - (open a file, pipe, or descriptor)
• opendir - (open a directory)
• readlink - (determine where a symbolic link is pointing)
• rename - (change a filename)
• rmdir - (remove a directory)
• stat - (get a file's status information)
• symlink - (create a symbolic link to a file)
• sysopen - (open a file, pipe, or descriptor)
• umask - (set file creation mode mask)
• unlink - (remove one link to a file)
• utime - (set a file's last access and modify times)

1.10. Keywords related to control flow of your perl program

• caller - (get context of the current subroutine call)
• continue - (optional trailing block in a while or foreach )
• die - (raise an exception or bail out)
• do - (turn a BLOCK into a TERM)
• dump - (create an immediate core dump)
• eval - (catch exceptions or compile and run code)
• exit - (terminate this program)
• goto - (create spaghetti code)
• last - (exit a block prematurely)
• next - (iterate a block prematurely)
• prototype - (get the prototype (if any) of a subroutine)
• redo - (start this loop iteration over again)
• return - (get out of a function early)
• sub - (declare a subroutine, possibly anonymously)
• wantarray - (get void vs scalar vs list context of current subroutine call)

1.11. Keywords altering or affecting scoping of identifiers

• caller - (get context of the current subroutine call)
• import - (patch a module's namespace into your own)
• local - (create a temporary value for a global variable (dynamic scoping))
• my - (declare and assign a local variable (lexical scoping))
• our - (declare and assign a package variable (lexical scoping))
• package - (declare a separate global namespace)
• use - (load in a module at compile time)

1.12. Miscellaneous functions

• defined - (test whether a value, variable, or function is defined)
• dump - (create an immediate core dump)
• eval - (catch exceptions or compile and run code)
• formline - (internal function used for formats)
• local - (create a temporary value for a global variable (dynamic scoping))
• my - (declare and assign a local variable (lexical scoping))
• our - (declare and assign a package variable (lexical scoping))
• prototype - (get the prototype (if any) of a subroutine)
• reset - (clear all variables of a given name)
• scalar - (force a scalar context)
• undef - (remove a variable or function definition)
• wantarray - (get void vs scalar vs list context of current subroutine call)

1.13. Functions for processes and process groups

• alarm - (schedule a SIGALRM )
• exec - (abandon this program to run another)
• fork - (create a new process just like this one)
• getpgrp - (get process group)
• getppid - (get parent process ID)
• getpriority - (get current nice value)
• kill - (send a signal to a process or process group)
• pipe - (open a pair of connected filehandles)
• qx/STRING/ - (backquote quote a string)
• readpipe - (execute a system command and collect standard output)
• setpgrp - (set the process group of a process)
• setpriority - (set a process's nice value)
• sleep - (block for some number of seconds)
• system - (run a separate program )
• times - (return elapsed time for self and child processes)
• wait - (wait for any child process to die)
• waitpid - (wait for a particular child process to die)

1.14. Keywords related to perl modules

• do - (turn a BLOCK into a TERM)
• import - (patch a module's namespace into your own)
• no - (unimport some module symbols or semantics at compile time)
• package - (declare a separate global namespace)
• require - (load in external functions from a library at runtime)
• use - (load in a module at compile time)

1.15. Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness

• bless - (create an object )
• dbmclose - (breaks binding on a tied dbm file)
• dbmopen - (create binding on a tied dbm file)
• package - (declare a separate global namespace)
• ref - (find out the type of thing being referenced)
• tie - (bind a variable to an object class )
• tied - (get a reference to the object underlying a tied variable)
• untie - (break a tie binding to a variable)
• use - (load in a module at compile time)

1.16. Low-level socket functions

• accept - (accept an incoming socket connect)
• bind - (binds an address to a socket)
• connect - (connect to a remote socket)
• getpeername - (find the other end of a socket connection)
• getsockname - (retrieve the sockaddr for a given socket)
• getsockopt - (get socket options on a given socket)
• listen - (register your socket as a server )
• recv - (receive a message over a Socket)
• send - (send a message over a socket)
• setsockopt - (set some socket options)
• shutdown - (close down just half of a socket connection)
• socket - (create a socket)
• socketpair - (create a pair of sockets)

1.17. System V interprocess communication functions

• msgctl - (SysV IPC message control operations)
• msgget - (get SysV IPC message queue)
• msgrcv - (receive a SysV IPC message from a message queue)
• msgsnd - (send a SysV IPC message to a message queue)
• semctl - (SysV semaphore control operations)
• semget - (get set of SysV semaphores)
• semop - (SysV semaphore operations)
• shmctl - (SysV shared memory operations)
• shmget - (get SysV shared memory segment identifier)
• shmread - (read SysV shared memory )
• shmwrite - (write SysV shared memory )

1.18. Fetching user and group info

• endgrent - (be done using group file)
• endhostent - (be done using hosts file)
• endnetent - (be done using networks file)
• endpwent - (be done using passwd file)
• getgrent - (get next group record )
• getgrgid - (get group record given group user ID)
• getgrnam - (get group record given group name)
• getlogin - (return who logged in at this tty)
• getpwent - (get next passwd record)
• getpwnam - (get passwd record given user login name)
• getpwuid - (get passwd record given user ID)
• setgrent - (prepare group file for use)
• setpwent - (prepare passwd file for use)

1.19. Fetching network info

• endprotoent - (be done using protocols file)
• endservent - (be done using services file)
• gethostbyaddr - (get host record given its address)
• gethostbyname - (get host record given name)
• gethostent - (get next hosts record )
• getnetbyaddr - (get network record given its address)
• getnetbyname - (get networks record given name)
• getnetent - (get next networks record )
• getprotobyname - (get protocol record given name)
• getprotobynumber - (get protocol record numeric protocol)
• getprotoent - (get next protocols record)
• getservbyname - (get services record given its name)
• getservbyport - (get services record given numeric port)
• getservent - (get next services record )
• sethostent - (prepare hosts file for use)
• setnetent - (prepare networks file for use)
• setprotoent - (prepare protocols file for use)
• setservent - (prepare services file for use)

1.20. Time-related functions

• gmtime - (convert UNIX time into record or string using Greenwich time)
• localtime - (convert UNIX time into record or string using local time)
• time - (return number of seconds since 1970)
• times - (return elapsed time for self and child processes)